2012年5月16日 星期三
2012年4月11日 星期三
幼兒期的教育 (Early Childhood Education)
人的大腦蘊藏著細胞總數大約為100億個左右，其中70~80%是3歲以前形成的。在這一時期主要形成言語、音感和記憶細胞，大腦的各種特征也日趨完善。近年來，許多兒童教育家把1~3歲看做是早期兒童智力開發的“關鍵年齡”，并引起社會和家長的普遍重視。所謂關鍵年齡是指人生學習效率最高的年齡階段。在此期間所實施的教育，可收到事關功倍的效果。有人說“三歲之貌、百歲之才”，意思是說3歲之前形成的才華能決定他的一生。并有“三歲定八十，七歲看終身”的說法，這是說幼兒時期所受的教育和養成的習慣，年至80歲還保留著。
孩子在3歲以前的變化是一個復雜的過程。這個時期，孩子在生理和精神方面的發育都比較快，如語言的發育，從發單音發展為能說較長的句子；從不會走路到獨立的行走。這些進步，都是從日常生活的實踐中學習而來的。因為孩子最喜歡模仿學習別人的動作，為此，如對孩子缺乏正確的思想教育和耐心的引導，就會出現許多不良的習慣。
有些家長錯誤地認為只要孩子身體健康，不生病，就算完成了撫養的責任，而教育則是幼兒園，學校老師的責任。這種看法是不正確的。三字經上說“養不教，父之過”，意思是說，對孩子的教育，家長有絕對重要的責任，而在早期的品德教育問題上，父親比母親列重要。近年來一些學者積極倡導“零歲教育”，試想，象這樣艱巨的任務，除了父母親，誰還能承擔呢？所以，父母一定要掌握些教育孩子的知識，對孩子進行有計劃、有步驟的教育，使孩子樹立正確的思想、健康的意識，正常的心理素質，逐步培養他們具備剛毅、正直、純樸、堅定的精神，聰慧敏捷的思維能力，高尚的道德情操，使之從各方面均衡地發展，這樣長大觀后才能成為“四化”建設的有用人才。
From 1 year old to 3-year-old known as early childhood, this period is very rapid period of intellectual development of children is the child's special talents began to show a period, is also the personality, quality of the period. Early childhood personality is an important foundation for later personality development. In order to train the children in moral, intellectual, physical aspects more smoothly, more healthy growth to meet the needs of the "four modernizations", more talent and early talent, parents should pay particular attention to early childhood education.
The human brain bears the total number of cells is about 10 billion, of which 70 to 80 percent 3 years ago. During this period the formation of words, sound sense and memory cells, the brain's various features are maturing. In recent years, many children's educator, a 3-year-old as a "critical age" of early childhood intellectual development and lead to the widespread attention of the society and parents. The so-called age of lifelong learning, the most efficient age. Implementation of education in the meantime, you can receive related to twice the effect. Some people say that "three years of the appearance, the centenary of only", meaning that before the formation of 3-year-old talent would determine his life. "Father of the man eighty-year-old look for life" argument, which is said early childhood, their education and habit, to 80-year-old retained.Children before the age of three, the change is a complex process.
During this period, children faster than in the physical and mental aspects of development, such as language development, fat mono can say a long sentence; not walk to independent walking. These advances are learning from the practice of everyday life. Because children like to imitate the action of the learning of others, for the children, the lack of ideological education and patient guidance, there will be a lot of bad habits. Some parents mistakenly believe that as long as the child's physical health, do not get sick, even the responsibility of raising and education is the responsibility of the nursery school teacher. Such a view is not correct. Three Character Classic "raised do not teach, the father of said mean, children's education, parents have absolutely important responsibility in the early moral education on the issue, the father than the mother column. In recent years, some scholars have actively advocated "zero education" Just think, like such a difficult task, in addition to parents, who can bear it? Therefore, parents must grasp some knowledge of the education children, the child in a planned, step-by-step education, for children to establish a correct thinking, health awareness, mental qualities, and gradually train them with fortitude, integrity, simplicity, firm the spirit of intelligent and agile thinking ability, high moral character, so that all aspects of development in a balanced manner, so long Grand to become a useful talent of the construction of "four modernizations".
探索0至3歲嬰幼兒教育 (Explore the 0-3 years old infants and early childhood education)
在這里，10個月左右的孩子可以坐得很穩，能夠以不同的姿勢爬行、自己蹲站立；20個月左右就可以穩穩地走、控制速度地跑、上下爬坡、跳過障礙了……紫薇幼兒園對0—3歲孩子進行的是“微格”研究，從孩子動作、視覺能力、語言能力、協調能力等十個方面進行觀察，幼兒園形成了可以作為嬰幼兒發展水平參考的“發展綱要”，為對0至3歲孩子采取相應的教育措施奠定了基礎。
除了父母育兒學校每周一次的活動，家長們還在幼兒園開設的專家講座中知道了怎樣通過觀察了解孩子的想法、看法和做法。每期家長學校畢業前夕，幼兒園還組織家長舉行“創編親子游戲大獎賽”，讓家長們把從生活經驗中提煉出來的創意游戲進行交流和展示。幼兒園黃老師印象最深的游戲是，大人坐在椅子上把腿伸直，讓寶寶爬上來，給爸爸媽媽敲敲背，再滑下去，簡單易行，既鍛煉動作發展，又是最好的親情熏陶，真是一舉兩得！據統計，到目前為止，家長們已編了380個左右的親子游戲，有不少還給老師很多啟發呢。
Xuhui District, crape myrtle Experimental Kindergarten, and some "parental schools" from its inception in 1997, 1397 families have benefited here. Every weekend, the young parents with children 0-3 years old to come forward for the parent-child education, under the guidance of their teachers, family games, the entire nursery filled with vitality and joy.
Here, about 10 children can take a very steady, able to crawl in a different posture own squatting stand; firmly to go 20 months or so you can control the speed to run up and down climbing, skip the obstacles ...... the Lagerstroemia kindergarten children 0-3 years old, is the study of "micro grid" the ten aspects of the action from the child, visual ability, language skills, coordination, ability to observe the the kindergarten formation of a level of reference can be used as the development of infants and young children "development Program ", laid the foundation for children 0-3 years old to take the appropriate educational measures.
In addition to the parental school once a week of activities, lectures of experts set up by the parents are still in kindergarten know how to understand through observation of the child's thoughts, views and practices. Each phase of the school for parents on the eve of graduation, kindergarten also organized the parents held a "compose fun games Grand Prix, and parents to communicate and demonstrate creative play extracted from the experience of life. The kindergarten Huang deepest impression of the game, the adults sitting in a chair, legs straight and your baby to climb to knock back to Mom and Dad, and then slide down, simple, not only exercise motor development, and is the best family influence, really killing two birds with one stone! According to statistics, so far, parents have been compiled about 380 family games, returned to the teacher a lot of inspiration.
嬰幼兒素質教育需要五心 (Quality education of infants and young children need five heart)
家庭是孩子的第一所學校，家長是孩子的第一任老師。家長如何當好老師？世上已有許多成功的家長做了回答，概括而論是因為他們都具有愛心、信心、細心、耐心和恒心。嬰幼兒素質教育是人生的啟蒙教育，它將對嬰幼兒的一生產生深遠的影響
一、愛心是實施嬰幼兒素質教育的基礎。
父母愛孩子有兩種，一種是嚴愛、關愛；一種是溺愛、寵愛。前者有助于孩子成才，后 者將孩子引向絕路，我們提倡前者。
父母愛孩子，給孩子溫情和關懷，才會關心孩子的成長和發展，從孩子出生之日起就開始早期教育而不放任自流。
父母愛孩子，才會由此激發起信心、耐心、細心、恒心去克服教育中的種種困難，使教育見成效。
父母愛孩子，才會使孩子產生安全感、信任感，從而使孩子和父母保持良好的情感交流關系，更愿意接受教育。
父母愛孩子，才會在實施教育的過程中從孩子的角度去考慮教學方案，使教育順其自然，不違背其成長規律。
父母愛孩子，才會不斷地修身養性，補充完善自己，做名副其實的師長。
而如果父母不愛孩子，或溺愛寵愛孩子，就會忽視孩子的早期教育，貽害孩子的一生。
二、信心是家長實施嬰幼兒素質教育的力量。
信心能化為內心的能量，促使信念的實現。有的父母見自己的孩子某方面差一點，就認為他不是塊料，從而失去信心，不愿意早期教育，任其發展。其實孩子的智力百分之三十來自于遺傳，百分之七十來自于后天的教育和環境。
十八世紀法國的哲學家愛爾維斯說：“即使是一個普通的孩子，只要早期教育得法，也會成為一個不平凡的人”。德國教育家卡爾、威特的孩子小威特，先天不足，嬰兒期間顯得癡呆，可老威特沒有放棄，他相信“人的才能主要取決于后天的教育”，堅持對小威特進行早期教育，結果小威特智力超群，五歲掌握詞匯三萬多，十歲上大學，十三歲獲哲學博士。
三、細心決定嬰幼兒素質教育的質量。
嬰幼兒素質教育是系統化的工程，它涉及智力開發、科學喂養、體質鍛煉、心理素質和性格培養、美德熏陶等。它寓教育于生活中，養教結合；寓教育于游戲中，教在有心，學在無意。它是個性化的教育，其教育必須符合孩子的身心發展規律，符合孩子的個性。
嬰幼兒素質教育的這些特點要求家長細心。要細心關注孩子在生活中的點點滴滴，抓住可施教的機會對孩子進行教育；要細心關注孩子的言談舉止，了解孩子的潛能、特點，因材施教，使教育符合孩子的天性；要細心觀察孩子的各方面發展是否平衡，對不足的方面強化訓練，以培養和造就完美人才；要細心觀察孩子對教學的反應，以了解教學的內容是否適時、適度、適量，使教育更符合孩子的成長規律；要細心關注孩子的日常生活行為，防微杜漸，發現有不良的行為即以糾正，只有這樣才能提高教學質量。
有的家長可能要說，我按照教學大綱進行總會沒錯，教學大綱是有關部門針對一般的嬰幼兒制訂的，照搬可能并不適應你的孩子。嬰幼兒的發育速度有快有慢，個性也不相同，你的孩子是獨特的，他有別于其他的孩子，因此家長教育孩子必須細心，如果粗心大意，盲目施教，會收效甚微，甚至揠苗助長，傷害孩子。
四、耐心是使嬰幼兒教育得以持續的保證。
嬰幼兒素質教育是啟蒙教育，由于受教育者的生理和心理都未發育成熟，教育又以啟蒙為主，即以開慧、健體、習性、養德為主，故嬰孩對教學的反應不一定及時，教學的成效不會立竿見影。比如教嬰孩把物，你要多示范幾次他才會把；教嬰孩識物，你要指認多次他才會知道，教嬰孩學語你要反復的誘導他才會說；孩子早期教育形成的智力優勢、良好的心理素質和個性要較長時間才能顯現。
有的家長在教學初期熱情高、勁頭大，教幾次后見嬰孩沒有反應或見效小，就失去耐心，放棄了教育。嬰幼兒時期是人生的關鍵期，在這個時期，孩子的智力發展迅速，心理素質和性格形成，此時教育受益終生，錯過春光將無處可尋。
五、恒心決定嬰幼兒教育成效的大小。
嬰幼兒素質教育是基礎教育，它以開發智力、強壯體魄、培養良好的心理素質和性格、美德為目的，以環境熏陶、潛移默化等為手段，寓教育于撫養嬰孩的整個過程中，因此教學時間長，如孩子智力的開發需要千百次花樣百出的游戲活動的磨練；孩子的習性需要良好的行為舉止的日積月累；孩子的養德需要無數寓情、寓理、寓美的藝術活動的熏陶，這些教學項目，沒有恒心是完成不了的。半道施教、半途而廢、一暴十寒都會影響教學的效果。
總之，嬰幼兒素質教育離不開家長的愛心、信心、細心、耐心和恒心，這“五心”是家長送給孩子的最好禮物。
The family is the child's first school, parents are the child's first teacher. Parents how to be a good teacher? World there are many successful parents do answer, summarized in terms of because they have love, faith, attentive, patience and perseverance. Infants and young children quality education for elementary education of life, it will have a profound impact on the infant's life
One, love is the basis for the implementation of the quality of infant education.Parents love their children, there are two, one is the tough love, love; one is spoiled, spoiled. The former helps children become, which lead the child to a dead-end, we advocate the former.Parents love their children, give the child the warmth and care, will care about the child's growth and development, from the date of the birth of a child early education rather than laissez-faire.Parents love their children will thus inspire confidence, patience, careful, and perseverance to overcome the difficulties in the education, so that education paid off.The parents love their children, will make the child a sense of security, a sense of trust, so that children and parents to maintain good emotional exchange relations, and more willing to accept the education.Parents love their children, before the implementation of the education process from the child's point of view to consider the teaching program, so that education comes naturally, does not violate the law of growth.The parents love their children, will continue to self-cultivation, to supplement and improve their own to do a true teachers.If parents do not love their children, or spoiled favorite child, it will ignore the child's early education and harming the child's life.
Second, confidence is the power of parents to the implementation of the quality education of infants and young children.Confidence into the inner energy to promote the belief. Some parents almost see certain aspects of their children, that he is not a block material, and thus lose confidence, unwilling to early education, allowed to develop. In fact, 30 per cent of the child's intellectual from the genetic, 70 percent from the acquired education and the environment.Ireland Davis, the 18th-century French philosopher, said: "Even an ordinary child, and early education are successfully implemented, will become an extraordinary person". German educator Karl, Witt children Witt, deficiencies, infant period appears to dementia may be old Witt did not give up, he believed that "people can depends on the acquired education, early education persist in the small Witt Results small Witt superior intelligence, the five-year-old to master the vocabulary of more than 30,000-year-old college, the 13-year-old received the Doctor of Philosophy.
Carefully to determine the quality of the quality education of infants and young children.Infants and young children quality education is a systematic project, which involves intellectual development, scientific feeding, physical exercise, mental qualities and character training, virtues nurtured. Blending education in life, raising the Combination; blending education in the game to teach the encouragement of learning unintentionally. It is a personalized education, the education must meet the physical and mental development of children's law, to comply with the child's personality.These characteristics of infants and young children quality education parents carefully. Careful attention to children in life bit by bit, to seize the opportunity to teach the children to educate; careful attention to the child's speech and behavior, to understand children's potential, characteristics, abilities and education to meet the child's nature; to be carefully observe the child in all aspects of the development of balance, lack of respect of intensive training, to train and bring up the perfect talent; should carefully observe the reaction of children teaching, to understand the content of the teaching is timely, appropriate, adequate, so that education in the child's The law of growth; careful attention to the child's activities of daily living as a preventive measure, found to have bad behavior to correct the only way to improve the quality of teaching.Some parents may say, I follow the syllabus will always be right, the syllabus is relevant departments developed for the general infant and copy may not be adapted to your child. Infants and young children's development speed fast or slow, is not the same personality, your child is unique, he is different from other children, so parents educate their children must be careful, if you careless blind teaching will be effective is minimal. even Yamiaozhuzhang harm to the child.
Patience, infants and early childhood education can be sustained to ensure.Infants and young children quality education is elementary education, educated physiological and psychological none mature, education and especially the Enlightenment-based, Kaihui, fitness, habits, and Germany to support mainly the baby on the response of the teaching must be timely and effective teaching will not be immediate. Such as teach the baby the thing, you have to demonstration a few times before; teach babies know things, you have to identify the many times he will know, to teach the baby to learn language, you have to repeatedly induced him when he says; the formation of early childhood education advantage of the intelligence, good psychological qualities and personality to be a long time to appear.Some parents early in the teaching enthusiasm, strength, teach a few times and see the baby no response or small effective, losing patience, to give up education. Infants and young children during the critical period of life during this period, the rapid development of the child's intellectual, psychological quality and character formation, education lifetime, to miss the spring will be nowhere to be found.
Perseverance determine the size of the effectiveness of infant and early childhood education.Quality education for infants and young children a basic education, to develop intelligence, strong physique, cultivate good mental qualities and character, virtue, for the purpose of environmental influence, subtle as a means of blending education in the whole process of bringing up baby, so teaching time long, a thousand times honed a dazzling variety of games, activities such as child's intellectual development; children the habits of good behavior of the cumulative; child's Germany to support the numerous Emotion, apartment management, and combine beauty and arts activities, the influence of These teaching programs, there is no persistence can not be completed. Semi-Road teaching, halfway, Yibaoshihan, will affect the effect of teaching.In short, the quality education of infants and young children without parents to love, in faith, and carefully, patience and perseverance, "five heart" is the best gift parents give their children.
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